The Renaissance period was a time of remarkable scientific discovery and innovation. Scientists like Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Johannes Kepler made groundbreaking contributions that transformed our understanding of the universe. Galileo Galilei is known for his advancements in astronomy, including the improvement of the telescope and his observations that supported the heliocentric theory. His work challenged the established geocentric model and laid the foundation for modern physics. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, which placed the Sun at the center rather than the Earth. This revolutionary idea fundamentally changed the way we view our place in the cosmos. Johannes Kepler further developed the heliocentric theory by describing the laws of planetary motion. His work provided a mathematical basis for the movements of planets and significantly advanced the field of astronomy.